Concepts for Nature of Science
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When an investigation is repeated there is usually similar results. Science is a human endeavor. Scientists answer questions with observations. Scientific ideas change with time. |
Science investigations turn out exactly the same if variables are identified and controled, different investigation methods are identified, and observations are accurate. Science is a creative process. Scientists create questions, design an experiment, and use observations to answer their questions. All scientific ideas are tentative and subject to change and improvement. However, most scientific ideas change incrementally retaining core ideas with a sort of modification for clarity rather than complete revision. Science is a process with a community of scientists that review and support each other and the understanding of the natural world. The scientific method can not answer all questions. |
When scientists encounter new experimental evidence, that does not match their existing explanations, they decide if the differences are trivial or significant with additional investigations. If they decide the differences are significant they do and have changed their ideas. Science involves creativity, imagination, and logical thinking to generate and test the validity of ideas. Scientists formulate and test their explanations using observations, experiments, and theoretical and mathematical models. Most major ideas in science have much experimental and observational confirmation that is not likely to change much in the future. Accepted scientific theories are powerful models for explaining past, present, and future phenomena and events. The validity of an explanation being a function of the type and amount of evidence to support the theory. |
| Scientists can disagree and work together to collect information that they agree with to understand the world. |
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In new scientific areas there is not a great deal of experimental or observational evidence and understanding, therefore it is normal for scientists to differ with one another about the interpretation of the evidence or theory being considered. Different scientists might publish conflicting experimental results or might draw different conclusions from the same data. Ideally, scientists acknowledge such conflict and work towards finding evidence that will resolve their disagreement by reviewing experimental procedures, examining the evidence, identifying faulty reasoning, pointing out statements that go beyond the evidence, and suggesting alternative explanations for the same observations. Although scientists may disagree about explanations of phenomena, about interpretations of data, or about the value of rival theories, they do agree that questioning, response to criticism, and open communication are integral to the process of science. As scientific knowledge evolves, major disagreements are eventually resolved through such interactions between scientists. |
Some matters (ethical and moral) cannot be examined by the scientific method. Science is influenced by social, cultural, political, religious, and geographical entities in which people live. Science rejects authoritarianism. Science seeks honest information. Science is skeptical and rejects the idea of absolute truth. Science rejects supernatural explanations. Science seeks simplicity (Occam's Razor). Science seeks consistency. |